History Of Green Technology

History Of Green Technology In this new era, technology is improving fast and economic is growing rapidly due to the luxurious lifestyle of human nowadays. We can have as much energy as we want by producing efficiently and continuously. But the negative impact that these energy produce is more than positive impact because of resources that we need to use and waste product that were produce from the process of producing energy such as nuclear energy and coal energy. On the other hand, the rapid growth of industry from agricultural industry to manufacturing industry in the past decades has caused the production of energy to increase. However, the increase in these energy production consume a great amount of resource and will cause pollution to the environment and also people nowadays has already aware of the consequences of pollution that will bring to us in future. Therefore, production of green technology and energy has been increasing in these few years. 1.1 History of Green Technology In the early days, before the industry revolution, people were using the main source, the sun, to generating the heat, they also used the other source to assist their daily life, such as horses as their transportation use, animals like cows and donkeys as their labors, and the wind will use to move the sails and generate the simple machine. However, since the first introduce of modern steam engine by Thomas Newcomen and James Watt in the mid 1700s, people found the possibility of make use of the power of steam. The single steam engines were soon became powering locomotives, factories and farm implements after the coal dug from the miles of England and Appalachia. In the 1800s, more and more natural resources were founded useful and able to bring us a zillion of convenience, such as the oil and petroleum which use in processed the gasoline for machine combustion after that. However, this ease has brought a lot of energy crisis all around the world today due to the huge consumption on the fossil fuels such as the oil, coal and the natural gas in the past decade. Nowadays, green technology can refer to many different things, such as clean energy, renewable energy, sustainable energy, waste management and energy conservation. However, it is hard to find a history specify for green technology in the past. During the 1900s, there were a series of energy crisis in the Middle East and things getting worse in year 1973 when the embargo imposed by the oil producers of Iraq on America led the price of crude oil to rise from $3 per barrel to $12 in year 1974 and almost reach a average price of $45 in year 1980. This decision was in response to the America gave their support for the Israel in the Arab-Israeli War (Yom Kippur War). (Terry Macalister, 3 march 2011) United Stated was awaking by this oil crisis and realized the importance of the energy resources, therefore beginning the initial push for developing the clean energy. In 1978, the National Energy Act became a landmark first step in beginning the research and development of renewable energy, but the push for renewable standards really began in the 1960s. (http://www.greenenergychoice.com/green-guide/renewable-events.html) After that, Madrigal also had a significant research in solar, wind and other alternative energies because there is a sudden change in the energy cost and realization of environmental crisis. These were the evidences to prove that since 1900s, green technology was undergoing a huge and rapid growth until today. In figure 1, the diagram shows the rapid growth of energy consumption from year 1986 to 2011. Figure 1: World primary energy consumption grew by 2.5% in 2011, less than half the growth rate experienced in 2010 but close to the historical average. Rowth decelerated for all regions and for all fuels. Oil remains the worlds leading fuel, accounting for 33.0% of global energy consumption, but this figure is the lowest share on record. Coals market share of 30.3% was the highest since 1969. 1.2 Research Background Energy is very important nowadays in either industrialized country and also consumed by household. Most of the energy is coming from oil and natural gas but unfortunately these resources are depleting when times goes on. Due to this problem, researchers are trying to develop alternative fuels, new means of generating energy and energy efficiency requirement. They have developed many sources of renewable energy which is chemical energy, electrical energy, radiant energy and nuclear energy. Although all these alternatives sources of energy is renewable, but it also pose other negative impact to the environment said Kofi (2002). In some countries, clean energy is produced which is energy that does not produce waste products also known as green energy. According to Bakar, Sam, Tahir, Rajianiand Muslan (2011), green technology is an evolving of various kind of methodologies and materials enhancement. The usage of environmental friendly mechanisms has been increased to reduce the impact resulting from industrial sector wastage and fossil fuel consumption due to researches that has been done by scientists related to green technology pointing to climate changes and global warming due to greenhouse gases. With the threat of global warming and costly energy rising, businesses are starting to realize the benefits of using these technologies to reduce carbon footprint and waste while giving the business a positive results said Zainura (2010). According to Eyraud, Wane, Zhang and Clements (2011), they have done research on renewable energy by analyzing the trends and determinants of investment on green technology for the last decades on advanced and emerging countries. They are using multi-country historical dataset and the results shows that green investment has become an important factor in energy sector which is growing rapidly mostly by China. 1.3 Development of Green Technology There are various types of green technology such as wind power, solar energy, hydroelectric power which is derived from the water movement, biofuels which is derived from burning plants and animals substances., geothermal energy which is derived from the heat that given off by the earth, biomass which is produced by the organic materials such as plants and animals. Figure 2: G20 Renewable Electricity Production C:UsersUserDesktopUntitled.png Source: NRDC, 2012; U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2012; Bloomberg New Energy Finance 2012 There is a research and data collection prepared by the NRDC, 2012; U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2012; Bloomberg New Energy Finance 2012 showing some important statistics in percentage of the renewable electricity production and investment of ranked the G20 country. The electricity are produced by various kind of renewable resources such as the wind, solar, geothermal, wave and tidal. (see figure 2) Table 1: Electricity from Wind, Solar, Geothermal, Tidal and Wave in the G20 Countries C:UsersUserDesktopUntitled1.png Source: Natural Resources Defense Council, Energy Information Administration, and Bloomberg New Energy Finance As of 2011, the EU countries are really leading the pack, with Germany the most out of the G20 countries, getting nearly 11% of its energy from renewable sources. Its followed by the EU as a whole with almost 7%, then Italy and Indonesia. Other countries like the U.S., China, Mexico, and Brazil lag behind. The US comes in at seventh place, where its measly 2.7% renewable energy puts it just a hair ahead of Mexico. Russia comes in last, with 0.0% of its energy coming from renewable sources. While all these countries have made important progress since 2002 they are still significantly behind other countries like New Zealand, Spain, Portugal, and Iceland (see table 1). The NRDC also ranked the nations on how much their renewable energy production has grown since 2002. South Korea has had the most growth: it multiplied its then-puny production 200 times, putting it at a still-puny 0.9%. China comes in a distant second, having multiplied its renewable energy more than 80 times. The US is eleventh on that list, having quadrupled its production. Argentina, where production has decreased by 12%, is last. (see table 1) Table 2: Top Countries for Clean Energy Investments in 2011 C:UsersUserDesktopUntitled3.png Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 2012 These rising trends are showing up in the investment in clean energy in each of these G20 countries. Since 2002, the G20 countries have cumulatively invested over $860 billion in clean energy, according to data from Bloomberg New Energy Finance. The majority of this investment has occurred in the E.U. ($291 billion), followed by the U.S. ($215 billion), China ($197 billion), Brazil ($52 billion), and India ($40 billion). Saudi Arabia, which has spent a pathetic $20 million since 2004, comes in last place. This is because in Saudi Arabia the oil price is still low. In the midst of worldwide renewable energy sector growth, some government policies encouraged renewable energy growth much more effectively than others, such as Germanys feed-in tariffs. The United States has been pursuing renewable energy less aggressively than Germany has, and, in accordance with the saying you reap what you sow, Germany has far more effectively stimulated renewable energy growth. To fully understand the importance of weighing an aggressive growth policy versus a milder one, its important to understand the purpose of encouraging renewable energy usage. Due to the fact that global warming is a time bomb that requires urgent action, a mild growth policy that leaves the United States generating only 2.7% of power from renewable sources is not adequate. Every year that coal power plants dominate, they make a significant contribution to our growing global warming problem. If global warming was not an issue, it could be pursued less aggressively. However, peak oil is a concern as well. The reports authors remind the 20 nations of the commitment they 20 made in 2002 to substantially increase the global share of renewable energy sources. Theyve made a difference: in the G20 countries as a whole, new clean energy investments have increased by almost 600 percent, far outpacing economic growth in those countries. But its not enough, the reports authors warn. Without a striking turnaround, the G20 nations are on no track to meet their goal. The G20 nations as a whole currently use 2.6% renewable energy. Based on current trends, they will be using under 4 percent by 2015, and less than 6 percent by 2020. (Jake Schmidt Aaron Haifly, Jan 2012) Problem Statement 1.4 Research Objective 1.4.1 General Objective: The general objective of this study is to study the factor that enhances the global green technology in economic perspective. Other than that, the purpose of this study is to examine the cointegration and long run relationship among the variables by using Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) method. Then, we will found out which variables are significantly influenced others and how it does in order to discover a more effective way in doing an enhancement of green technology in global. There are five variables that we used in our study, which are clean energy index (green technology index), fossil fuel price, CO2 permits price, technology index and the market stock price (SP 500). Lastly, the specific objectives of this research are as follow. 1.4.2 Specific Objective: Our specific objectives are as follows: 1. To examine whether clean energy index and fossil fuel price has any cointegrated and long run relationship by using VECM. 2. To examine whether clean energy index and CO2 permits price has any cointegrated and long run relationship by using VECM. 3. To examine whether clean energy index and technology index has any cointegrated and long run relationship by using VECM. 4. To examine whether clean energy index and SP 500 has any cointegrated and long run relationship by using VECM. 1.5 Research Question Do the clean energy index and fossil fuel price have a significant relationship between each other? Do the clean energy index and CO2 permits price have a significant relationship between each other? Do the clean energy index and technology index have a significant relationship between each other? Do the clean energy index and SP 500 have a significant relationship between each other? 1.6 Hypothesis of the study In our research, we treated all the variables as our dependent variables. Thus in this case there is no need to specify which variables are endogenous variables and which are the exogenous variables by using this VECM method. So, we are going to make a hypotheses to figure out either there are cointegrated and long run relationship exist among these variables. In fact, as we noticed that, the rapidly growing of the green technology globally in recent decades, hence, we are expected that the variables we had chosen will have long run relationship and cointegrated among each others. 1.7 Significant of the study Back to the previous studies, past researcher have stated that the clean energy index, technology index, oil price, interest rate have long run relationship and cointegrated among each other. However, the study had figured out CO2 permits price had no long run relationship and no influenced by other variables (Surender Kumar, 2009). Therefore, in our study, we decided to investigate over the CO2 permits price with other variables again to figure out whether there is an existence of cointegrated and long run relationship among them. Due to the sharply rises of the pollution rate and the energy crisis problems, it has been ring a bell to not only the developed countries but globally including those countries which are still in developing stage. Based on the previously studies, most of the researchers were only focus the area of study on developed countries and some of them are worlds renewable energy leaders (Germany, Denmark, Spain), such as the OECD countries and G20 nations. On the other hand, contribution of other small countries also cant be neglected. So, it is important to investigate other developing countries which are also undergoing a huge improvement in their clean energy growth such as Iceland, Lesotho, Albania, Paraguay, Bhutan and Mozambique. Therefore, we decided to do a globally research on our topic. Besides that, the government and future researcher may use this study as their references. For example, government will get benefit by have some ideas with how to enhance their green technology due to the past research had stated that the country gross domestic production has a positive relationship directly with the green technology growth. Furthermore, future researcher can do a review on this study and they may do a more reliable with future theory. 1.8 Chapter Layout In chapter one, which is the introductory chapter includes background and definition of green technology and how it benefits to the environment, problem statement, objectives, hypothesis and lastly theoretical framework. In the background and definition part, we discuss about the importance of clean energy also known as renewable energy and what is benefits it will bring to our environment. After that, our research will continue to problem statement. In this part, we will discuss about the problem and issue of the research topic in detail. Then we will proceed to next part which is the objective. It is separated into two parts that is general objective which is the main objective of our research and specific objective which is specific idea of what we are going to test. And lastly we will continue with theoretical framework that is the structure that supports the theory of a research study. In this part, we will include and describes the theory that we use and apply in this research.

The Host Chapter 21: Named

I kept tight to Jeb's side, a little in front of him. I wanted to be as far as possible from the two men following us. Jamie walked somewhere in the middle, not sure of where he wanted to be. I wasn't able to concentrate much on the rest of Jeb's tour. My attention was not focused on the second set of gardens he led me through-one with corn growing waist-high in the blistering heat of the brilliant mirrors-or the wide but low-ceilinged cavern he called the â€Å"rec room.† That one was pitch-black and deep underground, but he told me they brought in lights when they wanted to play. The word play didn't make sense to me, not here in this group of tense, angry survivors, but I didn't ask him to explain. There was more water here, a tiny, noxiously sulfurous spring that Jeb said they sometimes used as a second latrine because it was no good for drinking. My attention was divided between the men walking behind us and the boy at my side. Ian and the doctor did mind their manners surprisingly well. No one attacked me from behind-though I thought my eyes might get lodged in the back of my head from trying to see if they were about to. They just followed quietly, sometimes talking to each other in low voices. Their comments revolved around names I didn't know and nicknames for places and things that might or might not have been inside these caves. I couldn't understand any of it. Jamie said nothing, but he looked at me a lot. When I wasn't trying to keep an eye on the others, I was often peeking at him, too. This left little time to admire the things Jeb showed me, but he didn't seem to notice my preoccupations. Some of the tunnels were very long-the distances hidden beneath the ground here were mind-boggling. Often they were pitch-black, but Jeb and the others never so much as paused, clearly familiar with their whereabouts and long since accustomed to traveling in darkness. It was harder for me than it was when Jeb and I were alone. In the dark, every noise sounded like an attack. Even the doctor's and Ian's casual chatter seemed like a cover for some nefarious move. Paranoid, Melanie commented. If that's what it takes to keep us alive, so be it. I wish you would pay more attention to Uncle Jeb. This is fascinating. Do what you want with your time. I can only hear and see what you hear and see, Wanderer, she told me. Then she changed the subject. Jamie looks okay, don't you think? Not too unhappy. He looks†¦ wary. We were just coming into some light after the longest trek so far in the humid blackness. â€Å"This here is the southernmost spur of the tube system,† Jeb explained as we walked. â€Å"Not super convenient, but it gets good light all day long. That's why we made it the hospital wing. This is where Doc does his thing.† The moment Jeb announced where we were, my body froze and my joints locked; I skidded to a halt, my feet planted against the rock floor. My eyes, wide with terror, flickered between Jeb's face and the face of the doctor. Had this all been a ruse, then? Wait for stubborn Jared to be out of the picture and then lure me back here? I couldn't believe I'd walked to this place under my own power. How stupid I was! Melanie was just as aghast. We might as well have gift-wrapped ourselves for them! They stared back at me, Jeb expressionless, the doctor looking as surprised as I felt-though not as horrified. I would have flinched, ripped myself away from the touch of a hand on my arm, if the hand had not been so familiar. â€Å"No,† Jamie said, his hand hesitantly resting just below my elbow. â€Å"No, it's okay. Really. Right, Uncle Jeb?† Jamie looked trustingly at the old man. â€Å"It's okay, right?† â€Å"Sure it is.† Jeb's faded blue eyes were calm and clear. â€Å"Just showing you my place, kid, that's all.† â€Å"What are you talking about?† Ian grumbled from behind us, sounding annoyed that he didn't understand. â€Å"Did you think we brought you here on purpose, for Doc?† Jamie said to me instead of answering Ian. â€Å"Because we wouldn't do that. We promised Jared.† I stared at his earnest face, trying to believe. â€Å"Oh!† Ian said as he understood, and then he laughed. â€Å"That wasn't a bad plan. I'm surprised I didn't think of it.† Jamie scowled at the big man and patted my arm before removing his hand. â€Å"Don't be scared,† he said. Jeb took up where he'd left off. â€Å"So this big room here is fitted up with a few cots in case anyone gets sick or hurt. We've been pretty lucky on that count. Doc doesn't have much to work with in an emergency.† Jeb grinned at me. â€Å"Your folks threw out all our medicines when they took over things. Hard to get our hands on what we need.† I nodded slightly; the movement was absentminded. I was still reeling, trying to get my bearings. This room looked innocent enough, as if it were only used for healing, but it made my stomach twist and contract. â€Å"What do you know about alien medicine?† the doctor asked suddenly, his head cocked to the side. He watched my face with expectant curiosity. I stared at him wordlessly. â€Å"Oh, you can talk to Doc,† Jeb encouraged me. â€Å"He's a pretty decent guy, all things considered.† I shook my head once. I meant to answer the doctor's question, to tell them that I knew nothing, but they misunderstood. â€Å"She's not giving away any trade secrets,† Ian said sourly. â€Å"Are you, sweetheart?† â€Å"Manners, Ian,† Jeb barked. â€Å"Is it a secret?† Jamie asked, guarded but clearly curious. I shook my head again. They all stared at me in confusion. Doc shook his head, too, slowly, baffled. I took a deep breath, then whispered, â€Å"I'm not a Healer. I don't know how they-the medications-work. Only that they do work- they heal, rather than merely treating symptoms. No trial and error. Of course the human medicines were discarded.† All four of them stared with blank expressions. First they were surprised when I didn't answer, and now they were surprised when I did. Humans were impossible to please. â€Å"Your kind didn't change too much of what we left behind,† Jeb said thoughtfully after a moment. â€Å"Just the medical stuff, and the spaceships instead of planes. Other than that, life seems to go on just the same as ever†¦ on the surface.† â€Å"We come to experience, not to change,† I whispered. â€Å"Health takes priority over that philosophy, though.† I shut my mouth with an audible snap. I had to be more careful. The humans hardly wanted a lecture on soul philosophy. Who knew what would anger them? Or what would snap their fragile patience? Jeb nodded, still thoughtful, and then ushered us onward. He wasn't as enthusiastic as he continued my tour through the few connecting caves here in the medical wing, not as involved in the presentation. When we turned around and headed back into the black corridor, he lapsed into silence. It was a long, quiet walk. I thought through what I'd said, looking for something that might have offended. Jeb was too strange for me to guess if that was the case. The other humans, hostile and suspicious as they were, at least made sense. How could I hope to make sense of Jeb? The tour ended abruptly when we reentered the huge garden cavern where the carrot sprouts made a bright green carpet across the dark floor. â€Å"Show's over,† Jeb said gruffly, looking at Ian and the doctor. â€Å"Go do something useful.† Ian rolled his eyes at the doctor, but they both turned good-naturedly enough and made their way toward the biggest exit-the one that led to the kitchen, I remembered. Jamie hesitated, looking after them but not moving. â€Å"You come with me,† Jeb told him, slightly less gruff this time. â€Å"I've got a job for you.† â€Å"Okay,† Jamie said. I could see that he was pleased to have been chosen. Jamie walked beside me again as we headed back toward the sleeping-quarters section of the caves. I was surprised, as we chose the third passageway from the left, that Jamie seemed to know exactly where we were going. Jeb was slightly behind us, but Jamie stopped at once when we reached the green screen that covered the seventh apartment. He moved the screen aside for me but stayed in the hall. â€Å"You okay to sit tight for a while?† Jeb asked me. I nodded, grateful at the thought of hiding again. I ducked through the opening and then stood a few feet in, not sure what to do with myself. Melanie remembered that there were books here, but I reminded her of my vow to not touch anything. â€Å"I got things to do, kid,† Jeb said to Jamie. â€Å"Food ain't gonna fix itself, you know. You up to guard duty?† â€Å"Sure,† Jamie said with a bright smile. His thin chest swelled with a deep breath. My eyes widened in disbelief as I watched Jeb place the rifle in Jamie's eager hands. â€Å"Are you crazy?† I shouted. My voice was so loud that I didn't recognize it at first. It felt like I'd been whispering forever. Jeb and Jamie looked up at me, shocked. I was out in the hallway with them in a second. I almost reached for the hard metal of the barrel, almost ripped it from the boy's hands. What stopped me wasn't the knowledge that a move like that would surely get me killed. What stopped me was the fact that I was weaker than the humans in this way; even to save the boy, I could not make myself touch the weapon. I turned on Jeb instead. â€Å"What are you thinking? Giving the weapon to a child? He could kill himself!† â€Å"Jamie's been through enough to be called a man, I think. He knows how to handle himself around a gun.† Jamie's shoulders straightened at Jeb's praise, and he gripped the gun tighter to his chest. I gaped at Jeb's stupidity. â€Å"What if they come for me with him here? Did you think of what could happen? This isn't a joke! They'll hurt him to get to me!† Jeb remained calm, his face placid. â€Å"Don't think there'll be any trouble today. I'd bet on it.† â€Å"Well, I wouldn't!† I was yelling again. My voice echoed off the tunnel walls-someone was sure to hear, but I didn't care. Better they come while Jeb was still here. â€Å"If you're so sure, then leave me here alone. Let what happens happen. But don't put Jamie in danger!† â€Å"Is it the kid you're worried about, or are you just afraid that he'll turn the gun on you?† Jeb asked, his voice almost languid. I blinked, my anger derailed. That thought had not even occurred to me. I glanced blankly at Jamie, met his surprised gaze, and saw that the idea was shocking to him, too. It took me a minute to recover my side of the argument, and by the time I did, Jeb's expression had changed. His eyes were intent, his mouth pursed-as if he were about to fit the last piece into a frustrating puzzle. â€Å"Give the gun to Ian or any of the others. I don't care,† I said, my voice slow and even. â€Å"Just leave the boy out of this.† Jeb's sudden face-wide grin reminded me, strangely, of a pouncing cat. â€Å"It's my house, kid, and I'll do what I want. I always do.† Jeb turned his back and ambled away down the hall, whistling as he went. I watched him go, my mouth hanging open. When he disappeared, I turned to Jamie, who was watching me with a sullen expression. â€Å"I'm not a child,† he muttered in a deeper tone than usual, his chin jutting out belligerently. â€Å"Now, you should†¦ you should go in your room.† The order was less than severe, but there was nothing else I could do. I'd lost this disagreement by a large margin. I sat down with my back against the rock that formed one side of the cave opening-the side where I could hide behind the half-opened screen but still watch Jamie. I wrapped my arms around my legs and began doing what I knew I would be doing as long as this insane situation continued: I worried. I also strained my eyes and ears for some sound of approach, to be ready. No matter what Jeb said, I would prevent anyone from challenging Jamie's guard. I would give myself up before they asked. Yes, Melanie agreed succinctly. Jamie stood in the hallway for a few minutes, the gun tight in his hands, unsure as to how to do his job. He started pacing after that, back and forth in front of the screen, but he seemed to feel silly after a couple of passes. Then he sat down on the floor beside the open end of the screen. The gun eventually settled on his folded legs, and his chin into his cupped hands. After a long time, he sighed. Guard duty was not as exciting as he'd been expecting. I did not get bored watching him. After maybe an hour or two, he started looking at me again, flickering glances. His lips opened a few times, and then he thought better of whatever he was going to say. I laid my chin on my knees and waited as he struggled. My patience was rewarded. â€Å"That planet you were coming from before you were in Melanie,† he finally said. â€Å"What was it like there? Was it like here?† The direction of his thoughts caught me off guard. â€Å"No,† I said. With only Jamie here, it felt right to speak normally instead of whispering. â€Å"No, it was very different.† â€Å"Will you tell me what it was like?† he asked, cocking his head to one side the way he used to when he was really interested in one of Melanie's bedtime stories. So I told him. I told him all about the See Weeds' waterlogged planet. I told him about the two suns, the elliptical orbit, the gray waters, the unmoving permanence of roots, the stunning vistas of a thousand eyes, the endless conversations of a million soundless voices that all could hear. He listened with wide eyes and a fascinated smile. â€Å"Is that the only other place?† he asked when I fell silent, trying to think of anything I'd missed. â€Å"Are the See Weeds†-he laughed once at the pun-â€Å"the only other aliens?† I laughed, too. â€Å"Hardly. No more than I'm the only alien on this world.† â€Å"Tell me.† So I told him about the Bats on the Singing World-how it was to live in musical blindness, how it was to fly. I told him about the Mists Planet-how it felt to have thick white fur and four hearts to keep warm, how to give claw beasts a wide berth. I started to tell him about the Planet of the Flowers, about the color and the light, but he interrupted me with a new question. â€Å"What about the little green guys with the triangle heads and the big black eyes? The ones who crashed in Roswell and all that. Was that you guys?† â€Å"Nope, not us.† â€Å"Was it all fake?† â€Å"I don't know-maybe, maybe not. It's a big universe, and there's a lot of company out there.† â€Å"How did you come here, then-if you weren't the little green guys, who were you? You had to have bodies to move and stuff, right?† â€Å"Right,† I agreed, surprised at his grasp of the facts at hand. I shouldn't have been surprised-I knew how bright he was, his mind like a thirsty sponge. â€Å"We used our Spider selves in the very beginning, to get things started.† â€Å"Spiders?† I told him about the Spiders-a fascinating species. Brilliant, the most incredible minds we'd ever come across, and each Spider had three of them. Three brains, one in each section of their segmented bodies. We'd yet to find a problem they couldn't solve for us. And yet they were so coldly analytical that they rarely came up with a problem they were curious enough to solve for themselves. Of all our hosts, the Spiders welcomed our occupation the most. They barely noticed the difference, and when they did, they seemed to appreciate the direction we provided. The few souls who had walked on the surface of the Spiders' planet before implantation told us that it was cold and gray-no wonder the Spiders only saw in black and white and had a limited sense of temperature. The Spiders lived short lives, but the young were born knowing everything their parent had, so no knowledge was lost. I'd lived out one of the short life terms of the species and then left with no desire to return. The amazing clarity of my thoughts, the easy answers that came to any question almost without effort, the march and dance of numbers were no substitute for emotion and color, which I could only vaguely understand when inside that body. I wondered how any soul could be content there, but the planet had been self-sufficient for thousands of Earth years. It was still open for settling only because the Spiders reproduced so quickly-great sacs of eggs. I started to tell Jamie how the offensive had been launched here. The Spiders were our best engineers-the ships they made for us danced nimbly and undetectably through the stars. The Spiders' bodies were almost as useful as their minds: four long legs to each segment-from which they'd earned their nickname on this planet-and twelve-fingered hands on each leg. These six-jointed fingers were as slender and strong as steel threads, capable of the most delicate procedures. About the mass of a cow, but short and lean, the Spiders had no trouble with the first insertions. They were stronger than humans, smarter than humans, and prepared, which the humans were not†¦ I stopped short, midsentence, when I saw the crystalline sparkle on Jamie's cheek. He was staring straight ahead at nothing, his lips pressed in a tight line. A large drop of salt water rolled slowly down the cheek closest to me. Idiot, Melanie chastised me. Didn't you think what your story would mean to him? Didn't you think of warning me sooner? She didn't answer. No doubt she'd been as caught up in the storytelling as I was. â€Å"Jamie,† I murmured. My voice was thick. The sight of his tear had done strange things to my throat. â€Å"Jamie, I'm so sorry. I wasn't thinking.† Jamie shook his head. â€Å"‘S okay. I asked. I wanted to know how it happened.† His voice was gruff, trying to hide the pain. It was instinctive, the desire to lean forward and wipe that tear away. I tried at first to ignore it; I was not Melanie. But the tear hung there, motionless, as if it would never fall. Jamie's eyes stayed fixed on the blank wall, and his lips trembled. He wasn't far from me. I stretched my arm out to brush my fingers against his cheek; the tear spread thin across his skin and disappeared. Acting on instinct again, I left my hand against his warm cheek, cradling his face. For a short second, he pretended to ignore me. Then he rolled toward me, his eyes closed, his hands reaching. He curled into my side, his cheek against the hollow of my shoulder, where it had once fit better, and sobbed. These were not the tears of a child, and that made them more profound-made it more sacred and painful that he would cry them in front of me. This was the grief of a man at the funeral for his entire family. My arms wound around him, not fitting as easily as they used to, and I cried, too. â€Å"I'm sorry,† I said again and again. I apologized for everything in those two words. That we'd ever found this place. That we'd chosen it. That I'd been the one to take his sister. That I'd brought her back here and hurt him again. That I'd made him cry today with my insensitive stories. I didn't drop my arms when his anguish quieted; I was in no hurry to let him go. It seemed as though my body had been starving for this from the beginning, but I'd never understood before now what would feed the hunger. The mysterious bond of mother and child-so strong on this planet-was not a mystery to me any longer. There was no bond greater than one that required your life for another's. I'd understood this truth before; what I had not understood was why. Now I knew why a mother would give her life for her child, and this knowledge would forever shape the way I saw the universe. â€Å"I know I've taught you better than that, kid.† We jumped apart. Jamie lurched to his feet, but I curled closer to the ground, cringing into the wall. Jeb leaned down and picked up the gun we'd both forgotten from the floor. â€Å"You've got to mind a gun better than this, Jamie.† His tone was very gentle-it softened the criticism. He reached out to tousle Jamie's shaggy hair. Jamie ducked under Jeb's hand, his face scarlet with mortification. â€Å"Sorry,† he muttered, and turned as if to flee. He stopped after just a step, though, and swiveled back to look at me. â€Å"I don't know your name,† he said. â€Å"They called me Wanderer,† I whispered. â€Å"Wanderer?† I nodded. He nodded, too, then hurried away. The back of his neck was still red. When he was gone, Jeb leaned against the rock and slid down till he was seated where Jamie had been. Like Jamie, he kept the gun cradled in his lap. â€Å"That's a real interesting name you've got there,† he told me. He seemed to be back to his chatty mood. â€Å"Maybe sometime you'll tell me how you got it. Bet that's a good story. But it's kind of a mouthful, don't you think? Wanderer?† I stared at him. â€Å"Mind if I call you Wanda, for short? It flows easier.† He waited this time for a response. Finally, I shrugged. It didn't matter to me whether he called me â€Å"kid† or some strange human nickname. I believed it was meant kindly. â€Å"Okay, then, Wanda.† He smiled, pleased at his invention. â€Å"It's nice to have a handle on you. Makes me feel like we're old friends.† He grinned that huge, cheek-stretching grin, and I couldn't help grinning back, though my smile was more rueful than delighted. He was supposed to be my enemy. He was probably insane. And he was my friend. Not that he wouldn't kill me if things turned out that way, but he wouldn't like doing it. With humans, what more could you ask of a friend?

The Hidden Gem of Samples of National Honor Society Essay

The Hidden Gem of Samples of National Honor Society Essay Samples of National Honor Society Essay - the Story Composing your own CV after graduating might be tricky, especially in the proceedings you're searching for your very first standing. I make every attempt to assist my fellow students to do their finest. Students should share detailed brag sheets'' and speak to their counselors to make certain their counselors have all of the information. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. It's actually hard to keep the standard of their content that's personalized. Yes, editing is important, but no it does not need to be hard. Review a couple custom writing companies. Use the conventional business letter format. All About Samples of National Honor Society Essay There's, naturally, a limit on the variety of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. T here are a variety of different resume formats and you have to take note of it. There are quite a lot of photographers that are unique that you ingest significantly more our. Some neighborhood chapters will require you to have served a certain number of community service hours so as to qualify. List all skills which you think will allow you to develop into a member of the organization. The structure of organization is extremely spread, it is made up of many chapters in high schools around the nation. Therefore it helps to deal with society's membership criterion. The objective is a written presentation of yourself to show that you're a possible candidate for membership owing to your distinctive abilities. Before you figure out if you are able to grow to be a member, you ought to locate the local chapter of the NHS. If you still are not able to know how to compose a national honor society essay, start looking for internet aid. Community service is normally a requirement fo r NHS membership. As soon as you have located your regional NHS chapter, you'll need to examine their membership requirements. The New Angle On Samples of National Honor Society Essay Just Released Honor essays aren't uncommon. Chapters can likewise be found in international schools and American schools around the world. A specialist writer who's seasoned in writing NHS essays can assist with an outline, give advice, point you in the correct direction, or even compose the whole essay beneath your guidelines. A student is prepared to devote the necessary. Brainstorm before writing to ensure you have sufficient material to supply a complete portrait of the student. Highlight your scholarship achievements inside your essay. Writing is a talent, which means you might be a great student yet require a tiny help in placing your deeds into accurate wording. You don't know when others may want to join you, and your ideas could inspire different folks, too! Character is among the main roles of being an excellent leader. Therefore, he is very important to us. What About Samples of National Honor Society Essay? Any paper is going to be written on time for an inexpensive price. You require a specialist CV that reveals an employer in order to add value. The majority of the recommendation letter for the student will incorporate info about the reason why they would be a fantastic fit for the NHS. Even in the event that you give yourself enough time to create a few drafts, the caliber of your papers can stay low. Excellent rating and superior reviews should tell you everything that you want to understand about this excellent writing service. Then you're in the right hands of the best and reasonably priced support. Locate the service that has high prices, affordable rates, no cost revisions.

Calificar para no pagar tarifa o arancel migratorio

Si usted està ¡ pasando por un mal momento financiero y desea tramitar una peticià ³n o solicitud con el Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) puede que se pregunte si està ¡ obligado a pagar la cuota. Y hace bien en preguntarse esa inquietud porque en casos concretos se permite que los migrantes que presentan una aplicacià ³n al USCIS no paguen por los trà ¡mites migratorios.   Pero, ¿quià ©n califica y para quà © tipo de peticiones?   Hay que cumplir dos tipos de requerimientos. En primer lugar, pasar por una necesidad econà ³mica que cumpla unas directrices marcadas por la ley y que se explican a continuacià ³n. Y, en segundo lugar, que se trate de una de las peticiones o solicitudes migratorias seà ±aladas mà ¡s abajo. Es decir, no se puede solicitar el beneficio de la exencià ³n o no pago para todos tipo de casos.   Quià ©nes pueden solicitar no pagar por un trà ¡mite migratorio por dificultades financieras La primera condicià ³n para solicitar no pagar la tarifa migratoria es estar en una de las tres situaciones siguientes: Estar recibiendo un beneficio federal o del estado que es considerado means-tested. Es decir, el gobierno lo da porque los ingresos o los recursos del beneficiado son bajos. Ejemplos de estos beneficios son los programas de: Medicaid, Ayuda a la vivienda, Cupones de alimentos en el programa SNAP, TANF, SSI, etc. Para solicitar no pagar por un trà ¡mite migratorio hay que ser el beneficiario de estas ayudas consideradas means-tested  o su cà ³nyuge o hijo soltero menor de 21 aà ±os que vive con el beneficiario. Ademà ¡s, se puede solicitar no pagar una tarifa o cuota migratoria si se vive en un hogar familiar con ingresos no superiores al 150 por ciento de la là ­nea de pobreza. Ademà ¡s, el USCIS brinda un documento donde se puede verificar el monto ya calculado segà ºn el tamaà ±o del hogar familiar y que se puede consultar en el formulario I-912P. Esta es una cantidad que fija un organismo del gobierno federal y varà ­a de aà ±o a aà ±o. Ademà ¡s, en los estados de Alaska y Hawaii es mà ¡s alta que en el resto de Estados Unidos o sus territorios, como el estado libre asociado de Puerto Rico. Finalmente, la otra situacià ³n que permite solicitar la exencià ³n del pago al USCIS es la de estar pasando por una mala situacià ³n econà ³mica. Por ejemplo, debido a quedarse recientemente desempleado, a tener que hacer frente a facturas mà ©dicas, etc. Si un inmigrante se encuentra en una de esas tres situaciones econà ³micas mencionadas, podrà ¡ solicitar no pagar la tarifa migratoria pero  sà ³lo si quiere aplicar por uno de los beneficios migratorios expresamente mencionados en la lista siguiente. Para quà © trà ¡mites se puede solicitar no pagar la cuota I-90, para remplazar la tarjeta de residente permanente.I-131, aplicacià ³n de un Documento de viaje, si se està ¡ aplicando por un parole humanitario.I-192, sà ³lo en determinados casos en los que se solicita un Permiso Adelantado para ingresar como no inmigrante.I-290B, que es el formulario para Apelar o para Mocià ³n. Sà ³lo en casos especà ­ficos.I-485, para ajustar el estatus o aplicar para registrar la residencia permanente. Sà ³lo en los casos en los que se solicita basado en uno de los siguientes estatus:​ visa U, para và ­ctimas de violenciavisa T, para và ­ctimas de trà ¡fico de personasasilo,  cà ³nyuge, hijo o padre/madre de un ciudadano o residente permanente que ha sufrido violencia que asà ­ se reconoce, por VAWA. Jà ³venes Inmigrantes Especiales,o presencia en EEUU desde 1972 en aplicacià ³n de la tarjeta de residencia por el Registry. I-539, en casos concretos.I-751,para remover el carà ¡cter condicional de una green card.I-765, para solicitar una autorizacià ³n de empleo, excepto en los casos de Dreamers que lo solicitan en virtud de la Accià ³n Diferida. Para los Dreamers  no es posible pedir no pagar.I-817, para pedir una extensià ³n de los beneficios de unidad familiar en casos de personas autorizadas a permanecer en EEUU al amparo de IMMACT 90 o LIFE ACT.N-300, declaracià ³n de intencià ³n de convertirse en ciudadano. Este formulario sà ³lo es necesario en algunos estados cuando un residente permanente tiene negocios con el gobierno de dicho estado.N-336, solicitud de audiencia sobre una decisià ³n durante el procedimiento de naturalizacià ³n, si se cumplen unos requisitos.N-400 (solicitud de adquisicià ³n de la ciudadanà ­a americana por naturalizacià ³n). Si se està ¡ pensando en iniciar esta tramitacià ³n, es conveniente tomar este test para saber si se tienen los conocimientos histà ³rico s y cà ­vicos necesarios para aprobar el examen.N-470, aplicacià ³n para conservar residencia con la finalidad de naturalizarse en los casos en los que un residente permanente debe abandonar temporalmente los EEUU por razones de trabajo y cumple con todos los requisitos para que el tiempo que vive en el extranjero se le compute como si estuviera residiendo en los Estados Unidos a la hora de computar aà ±os de residencia para la naturalizacià ³n.N-565, para el reemplazo del certificado de naturalizacià ³n.N-600, para la solicitud de un certificado de ciudadanà ­a.N-600K, aplicacià ³n de ciudadanà ­a para un nià ±o que habitualmente reside en el extranjero pero uno de los padres es ciudadano americano.(Caso de naturalizacià ³n por un abuelo). Ademà ¡s, se puede pedir la exencià ³n en el pago de las cuotas relacionadas con las pruebas biomà ©tricas relacionadas con las aplicaciones mencionadas justo anteriormente. La à ºnica excepcià ³n son las necesarias para la Accià ³n Diferida de los Dreamers, ya que ellos no pueden beneficiarse de esta posibilidad de no pagar.   Si el trà ¡mite que se desea realizar con el USCIS no està ¡ en ese listado eso quiere decir que  no se puede solicitar no pagar, aunque no se tenga dinero para los trà ¡mites. Por ejemplo, no es posible no pagar por las solicitudes para reclamar la green card para un familiar. Siempre hay que pagar la cuota. Cà ³mo se aplica para solicitar no pagar la tarifa migratoria Los inmigrantes que reà ºnen al mismo tiempo estos requisitos: Tener necesidad econà ³mica, segà ºn una de las tres posibilidades arriba mencionadas.Querer enviar al USCIS una peticià ³n o solicitud para la que inmigracià ³n admite la exencià ³n del pago (verificar la lista anterior).Enviar la documentacià ³n necesaria para apoyar la razà ³n por la que se solicita la exencià ³n del pago. Si se cumplen todos esos requerimientos, se puede enviar la aplicacià ³n o solicitud del beneficio migratorio que se pide aà ±adiendo en el mismo sobre el formulario   I-912  y las evidencias necesarias segà ºn la razà ³n por la que se pide estar exonerado de la obligacià ³n de pagar. Ademà ¡s, incluso es posible solicitar este beneficio mediante una carga en inglà ©s firmada por el interesado. Tambià ©n es necesario aportar documentacià ³n para apoyar el caso. Para las personas interesadas en conocer mà ¡s en profundidad, se aconseja leer el artà ­culo  cà ³mo pedir a Inmigracià ³n no pagar la cuota migratoria. Asimismo, recordar que mentir o falsificar la informacià ³n que se brinda al USCIS puede ser causa de un gran problema migratorio de difà ­cil solucià ³n. Antes de caer en la tentacià ³n de afirmar cosas que no son ciertas es muy aconsejable consultar con un abogado y tener muy claras las posibles consecuencias. Y finalmente destacar que si se presenta alguna documentacià ³n en un idioma distinto al inglà ©s debe traducirse. No es necesario utilizar notario ni traductor jurado. Pero la traduccià ³n debe ser verdadera y certificarse  siguiendo un modelo de carta. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.